2008年, 第19卷, 第06期　刊出日期：2008-06-20

  

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  The facile insertion of β-keto sulfones to arynes:The direct preparation of polysubstituted ortho-keto benzyl sulfones

  Jian Xue, Lu Ling Wu, Xian Huang

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 631-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.006

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  One novel carbon-carbon bond insertion reaction of arynes has been developed. By this reaction β-keto sulfones can insert the triple bond of arynes to prepare polysubstituted ortho-keto benzyl sulfones.
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  Preparation and property of a novel soluble electron transport POSS-based hybrid material

  Xin Wang, Juan Shen, Jin Cui Wu, Min Fang, Hong Yao Xu

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 634-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.016

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  A novel POSS-based organic/inorganic hybrid covalently attached at molecular level, 2-(4-(allyloxy)phenyl)-5-(4-(octyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-POSS (6) (abbreviated as oxadiazole-POSS) was synthesized by Pt (dcp) catalyst. The hybrid was soluble in common organic solvents such as CHCl₃, toluene, C₂H₄Cl₂, and THF. Its structures and properties were characterized and evaluated with FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, ²⁹Si NMR, EA, TGA, DSC, GPC, and CV, respectively. The results show that the novel hybrid possesses high thermal stability and good electron injection ability.
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  A mild and facile method for one pot synthesis of 2,5-di-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles at room temperature

  Shahnaz Rostamizadeh, Somaye Ghamkhar

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 639-642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.03.027

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  2,5-Di-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles 3a-n have been synthesized as a one pot procedure from the reaction of acid hydrazide 1, acyl halides 2 and phosphorus pentoxide in acetonitrile at room temperature. High yield, short reaction time (10-15 min), mild condition, and easy work-up are advantages of this methodology.
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  An unexpected reaction of cyanothioacetamide:Novel preparation of pyrazolo[3,4-b]-pyridine derivatives under

  Xue Sen Fan, Xia Wang, Xiao Yan Li

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 643-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.03.005

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  An unexpected multi-component reaction of cyanothioacetamide with aldehyde and aminopyrazole under MWI was reported. Through this reaction, a series of pyrazolo[3,4-b]-pyridine derivatives was prepared in high yields via simple operational procedure.
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  Synthesis and characterization of novel star-shaped pyridine cored compounds with alternating carbazole and triphenylamine moieties

  Ji Bing Yuan, Zhi Guo Zhang, Louis Man Leung, Ke Li Zhang

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 647-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.008

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  Amorphous 2,4,6-trissubstituted pyridines containing three peripheral carbazole or two triphenylamine and one carbazole moieties, respectively, have been synthesized and characterized. The properties of the compounds are investigated by UV-visabsorption, photoluminescence spectroscopy, thermal analysis as well as cyclic voltammetry. The results show that the compounds have high thermal stability, emit blue light. Also, the compounds possess the HOMO and LUMO energy levels comparable to those of NPB. The effects of different substituents on the electronic properties of the materials have been discussed.
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  Molecular design, synthesis and biological activities of amidines as new ketol-acid reductoisomerase inhibitors

  Bao Lei Wang, Yong Hong Li, Jian Guo Wang, Yi Ma, Zheng Ming Li

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 651-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.009

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  Diamidine (A) was identified in our in vitro bio-assay as a possible inhibitor of ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI) from the ACD database search based on the known three-dimensional crystal structure of KARI. An investigation on interaction of A on KARI active sites, led to the design and synthesis of 15 novel monoamidines. Some of those showed better biological activity than A on rice KARI (in vitro) and in greenhouse herbicidal tests (in vivo). The structure-biological activity relationship was investigated, which provides valuable information to further study of potential KARI inhibitors.
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  Synthesis and hydrosilation of multi-vinyl branched siloxane for self-healing system

  Xiao Yun Fu, Zheng Ping Fang, Hai Tang Yang, Li Fang Tong

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 655-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.015

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  In this work, the preparation of α, ω-dichloride-terminated multi-vinyl branched siloxane 1 (yield:57.1%) used for self-healing polymer composites were synthesized via ring-opening of 1,3,5,7-tetravinyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-cyclotetrasiloxane (D₄^Vi) in the presence of vinylmethydichlorosilane (VM-32). 1 was hydrogenated by aluminum lithium hydride (LiAlH₄) to get self-healing monomer 2 (yield:79.8%) which contained both Si-H bonds and Si-vinyl bonds. Then hydrosilation occurred between these two bands and finally silicone 3 was obtained, showing the potential of self-healing.
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  First total synthesis of (±)-abyssinoflavanone V

  Jin Hui Yang, Yan Min Zhao, Cong Bin Ji

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 658-660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.019

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  The total synthesis of (±)-abyssinoflavanone V was first achieved through C-prenylation, selective protection of phenolic hydroxyl group, aldol condensation, cyclization and deprotection starting from cheap 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone, with total yield 24%. All structures of new compounds were confirmed by IR,¹H NMR and MS.
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  Cyclization and halogenation of substituted o-allylphenols with diacetoxyiodobenzene in the presence of iodine or bromine

  Qi Zhong Zhou, Chun Lin He, Zhen Chu Chen

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 661-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.003

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  Substituted 2-halomethy1-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans were synthesized in one pot and in mild yield from substituted o-allylphenols with diacetoxyiodobenzene in the presence of I₂ or Br₂ in dry CH₂Cl₂ under reflux.
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  Regioselective ring opening of epoxides using NH₄SCN/silica sulfuric acid:An efficient approach for the synthesis of β-hydroxy thiocyanate under solvent-free conditions

  Ali R. Kiasat, Maryam Zayadi, Mehdi Fallah Mehrjardi

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 665-668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.004

  摘要 ( ) PDF全文 ( ) 可视化 收藏

  Silica sulfuric acid was developed as a stable and efficient heterogeneous catalyst in organic synthesis. This solid acid catalyzed the regioselective ring opening of epoxides by thiocyanate anion to give thiocyanohydrins as key intermediates in agricultural and pharmaceutical chemistry in high yields under solvent-free conditions.
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  Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of imidazo [1,2-a] pyrimidine derivatives

  Jin Pei Zhou, Yi Wei Ding, Hui Bin Zhang, Lian Xu, Yue Dai

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 669-672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.020

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  A series of imidazo [1,2-a] pyrimidine derivatives substituted adjacently with two aryls at positions 2 and 3 were designed and synthesized in order to improve their anti-inflammatory activities. Biological tests suggested that these compounds have antiinflammatory activities with COX-2 selectivity to some extent.
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  Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of histone deacetylases inhibitors

  Jie Jiao, Qiang Wang, Hua Wei Zhu, Hao Fang, Wen Fang Xu

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 673-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.010

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  Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in tumorigenesis. Inhibition of HDACs is considered as a potent strategy for cancer therapy. Two lead compounds (ja and jb) were found to have activities against HDACs with IC₅₀ at about 15 μmol/L. Then a new series of hydroximic acid derivatives were designed and synthesized based on them. The HDACs activity assay in vitro found that compounds J04 and J09 are nearly as potent as the positive control drug Zolinza.
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  Efficient oxidative deprotection of trimethylsilyl, tetrahydropyranyl and methoxymethyl ethers under solvent-free conditions

  Farhad Shirini, Saeideh Saeidi

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 676-680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.005

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  A mild, efficient and fast method for direct oxidation of trimethylsilyl, tetrahydropyranyl and methoxymethyl ethers to their corresponding carbonyl compounds using trinitratocerium (IV) bromate (TNCB) supported on NaHSO₄·H₂O under solvent-flee conditions is reported.
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  Tetrahydrosalen backboned gadolinium complex as initiator for the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone

  Guang Ming Wu, Xu Feng Ni, Wei Lin Sun, Zhi Quan Shen

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 681-684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.021

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  Tetrahydrosalen ligand was employed in the synthesis of gadolinium complex. The ligand was deprotoned by LiBu, and the afforded lithium salt was reacted with anhydrous GdCl₃ to produce the gadolinium complex through salt metathesis. This complex was successfully used to initiate the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone. The initiation conditions in different temperature, monomer-to-initiator ratio and time were investigated. Under the condition:[ε-caprolactone]:[catalyst]=600,56℃, toluene:2ml, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with Mw=11,2782 and PDI=1.96 was achieved.
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  A new one-pot neat synthesis of 1,2,4-triazol-3-ones through 4-(N, N-dimethylamino) pyridine (DMAP) catalyzed cyclocondensation of ethyl carbazate with aryl nitriles

  A. Davoodnia, M. Bakavoli, M. Soleimany, H.Behmadi

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 685-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.022

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  A new one-pot neat synthesis of some 5-aryl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ones through cyclocondensation of ethyl carbazate with aryl nitriles catalyzed by DMAP as an efficient and basic nucleophilic catalyst is described.
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  Synthesis and activity evaluation of some novel derivatives of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno [3,2-c]-pyridine

  Die Cheng, Deng Ke Liu, Mo Liu, Ying Liu, Wei Ren Xu, Chang Xiao Liu

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 689-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.03.035

  摘要 ( ) PDF全文 ( ) 可视化 收藏

  Two series of novel derivatives of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydromieno [3,2-c] pyridine were synthesized and structurally characterized by ¹H NMR and MS. Their in vivo antiplatelet aggregation activities were evaluated.
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  Two new phenolic compounds from Ardisia gigantifolia

  Zhu Yang, Ping Wen, Nai Li Wang, Xin Sheng Yao

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 693-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.002

  摘要 ( ) PDF全文 ( ) 可视化 收藏

  Two new compounds were isolated from the 60% ethanol extract of the dried rhizome of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods as (+)-5-(1,2-dihydroxypentyl)-benzene-1,3-diol and (-)-5-(1,2-dihydroxypentyl) benzene-1,3-diol.
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  Chemical constituents from Schisandra sphenanthera

  Rong Tao Li, Zhi Ying Weng, Jian Xin Pu, Han Dong Sun

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 696-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2007.12.038

  摘要 ( ) PDF全文 ( ) 可视化 收藏

  The chemical constituents of the stems of Schisandra sphenanthera are described for the first time. This investigation has resulted in the isolation of a new phenolic glycoside (1), along with seven known compounds. The structure of 1 was assigned by using spectroscopic techniques, including 2D NMR spectra.
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  Detection of telomerase activity by combination of telomeric repeat amplification protocol and electrochemiluminescence assay

  Xiao Ming Zhou, Li Jia

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 699-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.017

  摘要 ( ) PDF全文 ( ) 可视化 收藏

  A highly sensitive telomerase detection method that combines telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) and magnetic beads based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay has been developed. Briefly, telomerase recognizes biotinylated telomerase synthesis primer (B-TS) and synthesizes extension products, which then serve as the templates for PCR amplification using B-TS as the forward primer and Iris-(2′2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium (TBR) labeled ACX (TBR-ACX) as the reversed primer. The amplified product is captured on streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads and detected by ECL. Telomerase positive HeLa cells were used to validate the feasibility of the method. The experimental results showed down to 10 cancer cells can be detected easily. The method is a useful tool for telomerase activity analysis due to its sensitivity, rapidity, safety, high throughput, and low cost. It can be used for screening a large amount of clinical samples.
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  Determination of levodopa in pharmaceutical preparations by irreversible biamperometry

  Li Jun Li, Qi Feng Chen, Hao Cheng, Lai Bo Yu, Jian Ling Wu

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 703-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.001

  摘要 ( ) PDF全文 ( ) 可视化 收藏

  Based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of levodopa at gold electrode and the reduction of permanganate at platinum electrode, a novel flow injection irreversible biamperometric method is developed for the determination of levodopa under the potential difference of 0 V imposed between two electrodes. In H₂SO₄ solution, the linear relationships between currents and the concentrations of levodopa are obtained in the range from 0.04mg/L to 20mg/L with the detection limit of 0.012mg/L. The proposed method is applied to the determination of levodopa in pharmaceutical preparations.
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  Using capillary electrophoresis mobility shift assay to study the interaction of CdTe quantum dots with bovine serum albumin

  Li Wen Shao, Chao Qing Dong, Xiang Yi Huang, Ji Cun Ren

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 707-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.012

  摘要 ( ) PDF全文 ( ) 可视化 收藏

  In this work, the capillary electrophoresis mobility shift assay (CEMSA) was first adopted to study the interaction of protein with quantum dots (QDs). In this study, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and CdTe QDs were used as model samples. We observed that BSA was facilely adsorbed to CdTe QDs surface, and the QD-BSA complex was formed by a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. A value of 2.17±0.27×10⁶mol^-1 L-^-1 (at 25℃) for the association constant was obtained by CEMSA.
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  A new tetrastilbene from Caragana sinica

  Ke Jun Cheng, Da You Ma, Guo Xun Yang, Chang Qi Hu

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 711-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.025

  摘要 ( ) PDF全文 ( ) 可视化 收藏

  A new tetrastilbene named carasinol D (1) was isolated from the roots of Caragana sinica. Its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1 was obtained from carasinol B (2) by an acid-catalyzed conversion.
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  New reagent for indirect spectrophotometric red-ox determination of osmium (Ⅵ)

  Zholt Kormosh, Svitlana Korolchuk

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 716-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.026

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  A highly sensitive indirect spectrophotometric red-ox method for the determination of osmium is reported. The method is based on the oxidation of iodide by osmium (VI) and the spectrophotometric detection of the liberated iodine in the form of complex anion and ion associate with 2-(4-diethylaminostyryl)-1,3,3-trimethyl-6-nitro-3H-indolium chloride reagent. The appropriate reaction conditions have been established. The molar absorptivity is (1.6-5.6)×10⁴ L mol^-1cm^-1. Beer's law holds for the concentration range of 0.5-11.4μgmL^-1 of Os(Ⅵ).
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  Deaggregation of long chain alkyl β-naphthoic acid ester with β-CD and α-CD:A mimic way to remove excessive fat from fatty liver

  Chun Xi Zhai, Hai Ning Gu, Da Yong Sang, Juan Tian, Qi Zhong Zhou

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 720-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.018

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  The deaggregating ability of β-CD and α-CD against the aggregated n-hexadecyl β-naphthoate (A16) and n-dodecyl β-naphthoate (A12) depended not only on the aggregating tendency of A16 and A12 but also on the initial concentration of the aggregated A16 or A12. The inclusive ability of β-CD with the substrates is greater than that of α-CD under hydrophobic lipophilie interaction.
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  Effect of dopant valence on the oxygen desorption and oxygen permeability of SrCo_0.4Fe_0.5M_0.1O_3-δ(M=Ni, A1 and Zr) mixed-conducting oxides

  Yan Jun He, Xian Feng Chang, Xue Liang Dong, Chun Zhang, Wan Qin Jin, Nan Ping Xu

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 725-729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.03.003

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  The effect of dopant valence on oxygen desorption and oxygen permeability of SrCo_0.4Fe_0.5M0.1O_3-δ(M=Ni, Al and Zr) mixed-conducting oxides were investigated in detail by O₂-TPD and oxygen permeation measurement. The SrCo_0.4Fe_0.5M0.1O_3-δ for M=Fe, Ni, AI and Zr were denoted as SCF, SCFN, SCFA and SCFZ, respectively. O₂-TPD analysis revealed that the amount of α oxygen desorption decreased with increasing the valance of doped metal elements (SCFN > SCFA≈SCF > SCFZ). The oxygen permeation flux at the temperature higher than 1148 K decreased in the order of SCFN > SCF > SCFZ > SCFA. Single activation for oxygen permeation was observed for SCFZ oxide and the activation energies of SCF and SCFA change at around 1073K, while the change temperature of SCFN was about 1173K.
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  Size-dependent peroxidase-like catalytic activity of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles

  Fang Fang Peng, Yu Zhang, Ning Gu

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 730-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.03.021

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  Peroxidase-like catalytic properties of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) with three different sizes, synthesized by chemical coprecipitation and sol-gel methods, were investigated by UV-vis spectrum analysis. By comparing Fe₃O₄ NPs with average diameters of 11,20, and 150 nm, we found that the catalytic activity increases with the reduced nanoparticle size. The electrochemical method to characterize the catalytic activity of Fe₃O₄ NPs using the response currents of the reaction product and substrate was also developed.
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  Polymerization of isoprene catalyzed by neodymium heterocyclic Schiff base complex

  Lei Zhang, Xu Feng Ni, Wei Lin Sun, Zhi Quan Shen

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 734-738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.03.007

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  Neodymium-based heterocyclic Schiff base complex was prepared and applied for the coordination polymerization of isoprene. This complex polymerized isoprene to afford products featuring high cis-1,4 stereospecificity (ca. 95%) and high molecular weight (ca. 10⁵) in the presence of the triisobutyl aluminium (AliBu₃) as cocatalyst. The microstructure of obtained polyisoprene was investigated by FTIR, ¹H NMR. Two different kinds of active centers in the catalyst system were examined by GPC method.
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  Syntheses and properties of photostable near-infrared cyanines and their cyclodextrin conjugates

  Li Qiu Wang, Lin Zhao, Wei Wei Nie, Li Hui Zheng, Ji Dong Wang, Qiu Rong Li, Jing Zhai, Zhi Wei Liu, Xiao Jun Peng

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 739-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.014

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  Three fluorescent indocyanines containing p-carboxybenzyl groups on N atoms in the heterocyclic rings were synthesized under supersonic. The maxima wavelength of the absorption and emission of the dyes were 550-800 nm in water. Compared with those in aqueous solutions, the fluorescence intensity of the dyes in the α/β-cyclodextrin, Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, Sn²⁺ or the α/β-cyclodextrin in the aqueous solutions of the cations became stronger. The crystal shapes of the dyes and their cyclodextrin inclusions were mostly acicular or polygon. The NHS-carboxyl squarylium indocyanine was prepared and used to conjugate with taurine or benzylamine, the results indicated that the dyes could couple covalently to biomass containing free NH₂ group. Structure and some thermal parameters of the molecule of the trimethine cyanine were obtained by DFT method of Gaussian 03.
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  Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂/conjugated polymer complex nanoparticles

  Shi Xiong Min, Fang Wang, Lei Feng, Yong Chun Tong, Zi Rong Yang

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 742-746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.03.016

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  A photocatalyst of nanometer TiO₂/conjugated polymer complex was successfully synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods and photocatalytic experiments. The complex photocatalyst could be activated by absorbing both ultraviolet and visible light (λ=190-800nm). Methylene blue (MB) could be degraded more efficiently on the complex photocatalyst than on the TiO₂ under natural light. The conjugated polymer played a promoting role in the photocatalytic degradation of MB. The calcination temperature had an important effect in degradation of dye and could be summarized as 260℃ > 300℃ > 340℃ > 220℃ > 180℃.
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  Interactions of acetylcholinesterase with salvianolic acid B and rosmarinic acid from Salvia miltiorhiza water extract investigated by NMR relaxation rate

  Guo Wei Yin, Yi Ming Li, Wei Wei, Shan Hao Jiang, Da Yuan Zhu, Wei Hong Du

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 747-751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.013

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  In order to understand whether the ameliorating effect on old ages memory disorder by the root of Salvia miltiorhiza is related to the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, two main ingredients, salvianolic acid B (1) and rosmarinic acid (2), which were isolated from S. miltiorhiza water extract, were investigated in vitro byNMR relaxation rate in this work. The results showed that the proton selective relaxation rates and the molecular rotational correlation time of proton pairs for compounds 1 and 2 increased significantly by adding of AChE in mixing solution. The study reveals that the two compounds might bind to the enzyme and have AChE inhibitory effect, which could contribute to the ameliorating effect at some extent on old ages memory disorder.
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  Synthesis of 2-methylpyrazine from cyclocondensation of ethylene diamine and propylene glycol over promoted copper catalyst

  Fang Li Jing, Wei Chu, Yuan Yuan Zhang, Ye Qiang Chen, Shi Zhong Luo

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 752-755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.04.007

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  The 2-methylpyrazine was synthesized by catalytic reaction of ethylene diamine and propylene glycol at 380℃. The alumina supported copper catalysts with promoter were prepared by impregnation method, characterized by ICP-AES, BET and TPR. The results demonstrated that the dehydrogenation was improved by addition of chromium promoter. The selectivity of 2-methylpyrazine reached 84.75%, while the conversions of reactants were also enhanced.
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  Interference study on the free calcium in the human peripheral lymphocyte by acrylamide

  Hai Yan Wang, Chun Gui Zhao, Ye Hong Zhou, Shao Min Shuang, Chuan Dong

  中国化学快报. 2008, 19(06): 756-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2007.12.023

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  The role of acrylamide on the human peripheral lymphocytes was studied by laser scanning confocal microscopy technique and fluo-3. The calibration value of the apparent dissociation constant (K_d) of the fluo-3-Ca²⁺ complex was obtained as 4.83×10^-7mol/L. Acrylamide ( < 54μg/mL) evoked a rise in free intracellular calcium concentration [Ca²⁺]_i, in a dose dependent manner. Acrylamide induced the increase of [Ca²⁺]_i was discussed in detail.